烤架、面包片烘烤器及类似用途便携式烹饪器具（EN）检测

Here is a complete article on the testing of grills, toasters, and similar portable cooking appliances for the European market, focusing on the core detection items, adhering to your requirements:

Testing Requirements for Grills, Toasters, and Similar Portable Cooking Appliances for the European Market

Portable cooking appliances like electric grills (contact grills, open grills), toasters, sandwich makers, waffle irons, and similar devices are common household items. To ensure they are safe for consumers and comply with European regulations, they must undergo rigorous testing according to relevant harmonized standards under the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) and the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive. The primary standard governing their safety is EN 60335-1 (General Requirements for Household and Similar Electrical Appliances) in conjunction with EN 60335-2-9 (Particular Requirements for Grills, Toasters, and Similar Portable Cooking Appliances) or EN 60335-2-13 (Particular Requirements for Deep Fat Fryers, Frying Pans, and Similar Appliances), as applicable.

This article focuses on the critical detection items and test methods mandated by these standards.

Core Detection Areas and Test Items:

1. Electrical Safety:

   • Dielectric Strength (Electric Strength): Verifies the insulation's ability to withstand high voltage without breakdown. High voltage is applied between live parts and accessible conductive parts/earthing, and between different circuits. Leakage current is monitored.
   • Insulation Resistance: Measures the resistance of the appliance's insulation to leakage current under normal conditions and after humidity treatment.
   • Leakage Current (Protective Earth and Touch Current): Measures the current that could flow through a person touching accessible parts under normal operating conditions and after a single fault (e.g., loss of protective earth connection). Must be within safe limits.
   • Earth Continuity: Ensures a robust, low-resistance connection exists between the protective earth terminal (plug pin) and all accessible conductive parts that could become live in case of an insulation fault. Resistance is measured under high current.
   • Power Input and Current: Confirms that the actual power consumption and current draw under normal load do not significantly exceed the rated values marked on the appliance.
   • Abnormal Operation: Tests the appliance's behavior under foreseeable misuse or component failure scenarios that could lead to overheating or fire risk. Examples include:
     • Operation with inadequate ventilation (e.g., covered air inlets/outlets).
     • Operation without thermostat control (e.g., short-circuiting the thermostat or bi-metallic link).
     • Operation with motor blocked (if applicable).
     • Operation with heating elements partially shorted.
     • Operation with the appliance loaded incorrectly or excessively (e.g., overloading grill plates, jamming toast).
   • Component Reliability: Critical components like thermostats, thermal cut-outs (TCOs), switches, and internal wiring are assessed for suitability, endurance, and failure modes. They must function reliably throughout the appliance's expected lifetime and fail safely.

2. Temperature Control and Stability:

   • Temperature Rise of Windings: Measures the temperature increase of motor windings (if present) and transformer windings during operation to ensure they stay within material limits.
   • Temperature Rise of External Surfaces: Measures the temperature of accessible external surfaces (handles, knobs, control panels, casings, feet/supports during operation and after the test period). Temperatures must not pose a burn risk under normal use and must not damage supporting surfaces.
   • Stability: Tests whether the appliance remains stable when placed on an inclined plane (typically 15 degrees) and during normal loading/unloading operations to prevent tipping hazards.
   • Resistance to Heat: Ensures non-metallic materials near heat sources (e.g., handles, casings) do not deform, soften, or ignite excessively during high-temperature operation or abnormal tests.

3. Mechanical Safety and Construction:

   • Enclosure Stability (Mechanical Strength): Assesses the robustness of the enclosure through impact tests (e.g., spring-loaded hammer impacts) to prevent hazardous access to live parts or moving components after reasonable impacts.
   • Protection Against Access to Live Parts: Verifies that probes (standardized test fingers) cannot touch hazardous live parts or moving parts (like motors) through openings in the enclosure or during operation.
   • Construction of Moving Parts: Ensures guards are adequate to prevent injury from fans or other moving parts. Sharp edges and points are assessed.
   • Strain Relief: Tests the effectiveness of cable anchorage points and strain relief devices at the mains cord entry point to prevent internal wiring from being pulled or twisted, which could lead to disconnection or short circuits.
   • Creepage Distances and Clearances: Measures the physical distances (through air and over surfaces) between live parts of different polarities and between live parts and accessible conductive parts/earthing. Must meet minimum values based on voltage and pollution degree to prevent short circuits or tracking.
   • Resistance to Moisture: Subjecting the appliance to simulated damp conditions (humidity cabinet) followed by electrical safety tests checks for moisture ingress that could compromise insulation.
   • Cord Flexibility and Flexing Test: The mains cord undergoes repeated flexing cycles to ensure it remains safe and doesn't break internally.

4. Fire Hazard Prevention:

   • Flame Retardancy: Materials, especially those near heating elements or prone to ignition during abnormal tests, must resist ignition or self-extinguish quickly. Glow-wire tests or needle-flame tests are applied to relevant non-metallic parts.
   • Containment of Flames/Spatter: The construction must minimize the risk of flames escaping or hot oil/fat spattering excessively onto surfaces or users during normal cooking or potential ignition events.

5. Radiation Safety (Specific Appliances):

   • For appliances using infrared heating elements (common in toasters and some grills), potential laser radiation (if applicable) must be assessed according to laser safety standards (like IEC 60825-1) to ensure emitted levels are eye-safe. This is particularly relevant if direct viewing of the intense infrared source is possible.

6. Marking and Instructions:

   • Legibility and Durability: Verification that mandatory markings (Rating Label, CE Marking, warnings, model/type identifier) are permanently affixed, clearly visible, legible, and durable enough to withstand normal cleaning and use.
   • Instruction Manual Assessment: Review for completeness and clarity regarding safe installation, operation, cleaning, maintenance, and warnings (e.g., burn risk, never immerse in water, unplug after use, avoid covering vents, supervision required, surface temperatures).

7. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC):

   • Emission: Measuring electromagnetic disturbances conducted back onto the mains power supply and radiated into the air to ensure they stay below specified limits (e.g., EN 55014-1). Prevents interference with other electronic devices (radio, TV, etc.).
   • Immunity: Testing the appliance's ability to function correctly without malfunction or safety hazard when subjected to common electromagnetic phenomena like electrostatic discharges (ESD), electrical fast transients (EFT), surges, radio frequency fields, and power supply variations (e.g., EN 55014-2). Ensures reliability in typical electromagnetic environments.

Performance Verification (Often Included for Functionality/Safety Link): While primarily focused on safety, some tests also verify basic performance linked to safety or user expectation:

• Functionality of Controls: Thermostat accuracy (within declared tolerance), timer accuracy (if applicable), and correct operation of all user controls.
• Heating Performance: Ensuring the appliance reaches adequate cooking temperatures consistently across the cooking surface (relevant for even cooking and verifying thermostat function).
• Ejection Mechanism (Toasters): Reliability and force of the toast ejection function to prevent user burns trying to retrieve stuck items.

Conclusion:

Compliance testing for portable cooking appliances in the European market is comprehensive, targeting every conceivable hazard: electric shock, excessive temperatures causing burns or fire, mechanical injury, radiation hazards, and electromagnetic interference. The detection items listed above form the core of the assessment process, ensuring that products placed on the market meet the stringent safety requirements designed to protect consumers. Manufacturers must integrate these requirements into the design, component selection, and production phases and conduct thorough testing to demonstrate conformity.